Long-term follow-up with a clinical decision support system based on laboratory reports to manage patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer death, and radical prostatectomy (RP) remains the primary treatment for localized PCa. Although there is no consensus on an optimal strategy, the determination of total serum prostate-specific antigen (tPSA) is the cornerstone for the detection of postoperative biochemical recurrence (BCR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic utility of serial tPSA levels together with other clinicopathological factors and to assess the impact of a commentary algorithm implemented in our laboratory information system. METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective study of patients with clinically localized PCa who underwent RP. BCR-free survival was calculated over time (Kaplan-Meier analysis), and the ability of different clinicopathological factors to predict BCR was studied (univariate and multivariate analyses) with Cox models. RESULTS: A total of 203 patients underwent RP, of whom 51 presented with BCR during follow-up. In the multivariate model, doubling of tPSA, the Gleason score, tumour stage and tPSA nadir were detected as independent predictors of BCR. CONCLUSION: A patient with undetectable tPSA after 1959 days of RP is unlikely to develop BCR, regardless of preoperative or pathologic risk factors. Furthermore, doubling of tPSA in the first 2 years of follow-up was the main prognostic factor for BCR in patients undergoing RP. Other prognostic factors included a tPSA nadir detectable after surgery, a Gleason score ≥ 7 and a tumour stage T ≥ 2c.

[Therapeutic compliance in patients with renal lithiasis and biochemical risk factors.] / Cumplimiento terapéutico en pacientes con litiasis renal con factores de riesgo bioquímico.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patient compliance with treatment for urinary lithiasis and to detect differences in adherence, causes of this behavior and associated factors. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 93 patients with positive urinary metabolic study (UMS) for lithogenic pathology, diagnosed between 2013 and 2015, gathering data from the digital medical records and a structured telephonic questionnaire in 75 of them. Results were analyzed using the X2 test. RESULTS: 68% of the patients were males. Median age 42.92 (12.17) years. Mean follow up was 2.65 years. Most frequent metabolic alterations were: Hyperoxaluria (42.7%), Hypercalciuria (33.3%) and hipocitraturia (30.7%). Most frequently prescribed drugs: Potassium citrate (70.7%), Thiazide diuretics (26.7%) and calcium supplements (15.1). 84.2% of the patients did not know their UMS and 29.8% did not know the treatment prescribed. 41.9% followed the doses prescribed less than 50% of the times. Dietetic treatment was abandoned by 65% of the patients and pharmacological treatment by 43.5%, mainly due to laziness (62.9% vs 46.2%). 72.6% of the compliant patients experienced improvement. We find a significant relationship between academic level and diagnosis knowledge (p=0.022) and treatment (p=0.036). There were no differences in compliance depending on the number of drugs taken. CONCLUSIONS: Despite urine metabolic study being well valued and treatment well tolerated therapeutic compliance is very low. Most patients would repeat or restart the treatment prescribed in case of recurrence. Diagnostic and therapeutic information provided was not understood.

Cumplimiento terapéutico en pacientes con litiasis renal con factores de riesgo bioquímico / Therapeutic compliance in patients with renal lithiasis and biochemical risk factors

OBJETIVO: Valorar el cumplimiento de los tratamientos indicados a pacientes con litiasis renal y detectar diferencias en la adherencia, causas de éstas y factores asociados a este comportamiento. MÉTODOS: Estudiamos de manera retrospectiva 93 pacientes con estudio metabólico urinario (EMU) positivo para patologías litogénicas diagnosticadas entre los años 2013 y 2015, obteniendo información mediante historia digital y un cuestionario estructurado vía telefónica de 75 de ellos. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante el test X2. RESULTADOS: El 68% de los pacientes eran varones. Mediana de edad 42,92 (12,17) años. Seguimiento medio 2,65 años. Alteraciones metabólicas más frecuentes: hiperoxaluria (42,7%), hipercalciuria (33,3%), e hipocitraturia (30,7%). Medicamentos más empleados: citrato potásico (70,7%), tiazidas (26,7%) y suplementos de calcio (15,1%). El 84,2% de los pacientes desconocía el diagnóstico del EMU, y el 29,8% no conocía el tratamiento indicado. El 41,9% cumplió las dosis pautadas menos del 50% de las ocasiones. El tratamiento dietético fue abandonado por el 65% de los pacientes y el farmacológico por el 43,5%, en ambos casos fundamentalmente por dejadez (62,9% frente al 46,2%). El 72,6% de los cumplidores experimentó mejoría. Encontramos relación significativa entre nivel académico y conocimiento del diagnóstico (p = 0,022) y del tratamiento (p = 0,036). No aparecieron diferencias en el cumplimiento según la cantidad de otros medicamentos que tomasen. CONCLUSIONES: El cumplimiento terapéutico es muy bajo, pese a que el estudio metabólico urinario es bien valorado y el tratamiento bien tolerado. La mayoría lo repetiría o retomaría el tratamiento indicado si tuviese recidivas. La información diagnóstica y terapéutica proporcionada no es entendida

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patient compliance with treatment for urinary lithiasis and to detect differences in adherence, causes of this behavior and associated factors. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 93 patients with positive urinary metabolic study (UMS) for lithogenic pathology, diagnosed between 2013 and 2015, gathering data from the digital medical records and a structured telephonic questionnaire in 75 of them. Results were analyzed using the X2 test. RESULTS: 68% of the patients were males. Median age 42.92 (12.17) years. Mean follow up was 2.65 years. Most frequent metabolic alterations were: Hyperoxaluria (42.7%), Hypercalciuria (33.3%) and hipocitraturia (30.7%). Most frequently prescribed drugs: Potassium citrate (70.7%), Thiazide diuretics (26.7%) and calcium supplements (15.1). 84.2% of the patients did not know their UMS and 29.8% did not know the treatment prescribed. 41.9% followed the doses prescribed less than 50% of the times. Dietetic treatment was abandoned by 65% of the patients and pharmacological treatment by 43.5%, mainly due to laziness (62.9% vs 46.2%). 72.6% of the compliant patients experienced improvement. We find a significant relationship between academic level and diagnosis knowledge (p = 0.022) and treatment (p = 0.036). There were no differences in compliance depending on the number of drugs taken. CONCLUSIONS: Despite urine metabolic study being well valued and treatment well tolerated therapeutic compliance is very low. Most patients would repeat or restart the treatment prescribed in case of recurrence. Diagnostic and therapeutic information provided was not understood

The usefulness of densitometry in predicting the composition and fragility of urolithiasis.

INTRODUCTION: The choice of ideal treatment for a given lithiasis is a crucial factor for its success, minimizing the number of interventions and complications. Previous determination of stone composition and its fragility is desirable, to predict its behavior during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and for evaluation of its appropriateness, or to set the indication for other techniques. OBJETIVES: To determine the role of densitometry in the prediction of composition and fragility of urinary lithiasis undergoing SWL. METHODS: Experimental prospective, blinded, in vitro study using 193 urinary calculi of known composition : monohydrated calcium oxalate, mixed calcium oxalate, uric acid, and calcium carbonate, obtained from spontaneous passage or surgery. Densitometry and SWL were performed on them. We compare the mineral composition of the stone and mineral density of each composition group to check if they are characteristic of each type and correlate these parameters with the energy dose required to fragment them down to a given fragment size. RESULTS: Only 53 out of 193 stones showed valuable data. Calcium carbonate was the composition showing grater mineral content and density (1,24 gr and 0,47 gr/cm2), followed by mixed oxalate (0,51/0,26) and uric acid (0,52/ 0,15), finishing with the monohydrate calcium oxalate group (0,32/0,05).Only the comparison between calcium carbonate and monohydrated calcium oxalate showed statistically significant results (p<0,05). Correlation coefficients between mineral content (0,347) and density (0,424) and the energy used for stone fragmentation to a given fragment size were statistically significant (p<0,05) CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the use of densitometry to determine stone composition and lithiasic fragility did not show conclusive results due to the limited number of calculi tested. Nevertheless, there are signs that, with a different study design , more practically useful results could be achieved.

Utilidad de la densitometría en la predicción de la composición y fragilidad litiásica / The usefulness of densitometry in predicting the composition and fragility of urolithiasis

INTRODUCCIÓN: La elección del tipo de tratamiento ideal para una determinada litiasis es un factor crucial para el éxito del mismo, minimizando el número de intervenciones y complicaciones. Es deseable la determinación a priori de la composición de la litiasis y de su fragilidad, para predecir su comportamiento durante el tratamiento con litotricia extracorpórea (LEOC) y valorar la idoneidad de este, o si se deben emplear otras técnicas. OBJETIVO: Determinar el papel de la densitometría en la predicción de la composición y fragilidad de litiasis que van a ser tratadas con LEOC.MÉTODOS: Estudio experimental, in vitro, prospectivo, y ciego, realizado empleando 193 cálculos urinarios de composición conocida: oxalato cálcico monohidrato (OCM), oxalato cálcico mixtos, ácido úrico y carbonato de apatita, obtenidos mediante expulsión espontánea o cirugía. Éstos son sometidos a densitometría y litotricia extracorpórea. Comparamos el contenido mineral de la litiasis y la densidad mineral de la litiasis de cada grupo de composición para comprobar si son características propias de cada tipo, y correlacionamos estos parámetros con la dosis de energía necesaria para la fragmentación hasta una conminución definida. RESULTADOS: Sólo 53 de los 193 cálculos arrojaron datos que pudiesen ser valorados. Carbonato de apatita ha sido la composición que ha mostrado un mayor contenido y densidad mineral (1,24 gr y 0,47 gr/cm2), seguido de los mixtos de oxalato (0,51/0,26) y úrico (0,52/ 0,15), finalizando con el grupo OCM (0,32/0,05). Sólo la comparación carboapatita-OCM mostró resultados estadísticamente significativos (p<0,05). Los coeficientes de correlación entre contenido (0,347) y densidad mineral (0,424) y la energía empleada para la fragmentación litiásica hasta la conminución definida presentaron significación estadística (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: En nuestro estudio el empleo de la densitometría para determinar la composición y fragilidad litiásica no ha mostrado resultados concluyentes dada la escasez de cálculos detectados. Se aprecian no obstante indicios de que, con un diseño diferente, podrían conseguirse resultados de mayor utilidad práctica

INTRODUCTION: The choice of ideal treatment for a given lithiasis is a crucial factor for its success, minimizing the number of interventions and complications. Previous determination of stone composition and its fragility is desirable, to predict its behavior during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and for evaluation of its appropriateness, or to set the indication for other techniques. OBJETIVES: To determine the role of densitometry in the prediction of composition and fragility of urinary lithiasis undergoing SWL. METHODS: Experimental prospective, blinded, in vitro study using 193 urinary calculi of known composition: monohydrated calcium oxalate, mixed calcium oxalate, uric acid, and calcium carbonate, obtained from spontaneous passage or surgery. Densitometry and SWL were performed on them. We compare the mineral composition of the stone and mineral density of each composition group to check if they are characteristic of each type and correlate these parameters with the energy dose required to fragment them down to a given fragment size. RESULTS: Only 53 out of 193 stones showed valuable data. Calcium carbonate was the composition showing grater mineral content and density (1,24 gr and 0,47 gr/cm2), followed by mixed oxalate (0,51/0,26) and uric acid ((0,52/ 0,15), finishing with the monohydrate calcium oxalate group (0,32/0,05). Only the comparison between calcium carbonate and monohydrated calcium oxalate showed statistically significant results (p<0,05). Correlation coefficients between mineral content (0,347) and density (0,424) and the energy used for stone fragmentation to a given fragment size were statistically significant (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the use of densitometry to determine stone composition and lithiasic fragility did not show conclusive results due to the limited number of calculi tested. Nevertheless, there are signs that, with a different study design, more practically useful results could be achieved

Lithiasis size estimation variability depending on image technical methodology.

UNLABELLED: The lithiasic size is a determining factor in selecting the most suitable treatment, surgical or medical. However, the method for obtaining a reliable lithiasic size is not standardized. Our objetives are to determine the differences between the estimated lithiasic sizes shown by plain radiography test and by computerized axial tomography (CT) scan (using different techniques) in relation to the actual size, and to establish which is the ideal type of imaging for this purpose. We present an in vitro model with lithiasis obtained in cooperation with four centers. INCLUSION CRITERIA: lithiasis >0.5 cm, intact, and visible via simple radiography. A sample of 245 lithiases was obtained, with 87 rejected as they did not fulfill the inclusion criteria. Initially the three main actual diameters of each lithiasis were measured with a calibrator, then a plain X-ray and a CT scan were taken of the samples to determine the surface size in cm(2) for simple radiography; surface size and volume in cm(3) for CT scan, in bone window and soft tissue (Toshiba Aquillion 64, sections of 0.5 mm, 120 Kv, 250 mA). The tomographic area was calculated by employing the formula recommended by the European Association of Urology and scanner software. The actual, radiographic and tomographic measurements were taken by three different researchers who were unaware of the results obtained by the each other. The statistics program IBM SPSS Statistics(®) 19 was used. Differences were analyzed using the Wilcoxon sign test. The bone window CT scan slightly overestimated the actual lithiasic size (0.12 vs. 0.17 cm(3)), while in soft tissue window the actual volume was practically doubled (0.12 vs. 0.21 cm(3)) (p < 0.05). We did not find statistically significant differences in the comparison between actual surface size (0.39 cm(2)) and bone window CT scan size when using the EAU formula or scanner software (0.36/0.37 cm(2)). Resulting measurements in soft tissue window tended to significantly overestimate the surface size, although only slightly (0.42/0.44 cm(2)), whilst the plain radiography underestimated it slightly but significantly (0.37 cm(2)). CT scan, using the bone window, is the technical methodology with which the greatest in vitro accuracy in which actual lithiasis measurements can be estimated, although the craniocaudal diameter measurement will be overestimated. Using soft tissue window gives an overestimated size.

[Endosalpingiosis of the bladder. A case report]. / Endosalpingiosis vesical. Presentación de un caso.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of endo-salpingiosis of bladder and review of the literature. METHOD: A 38 years old women referred to an outpatient urology clinic with postmenstrual voiding symptoms. RESULTS: We studied her and ultrasound imaging detects tumor that was confirmed by cystoscopy. She is diagnosed of endosalpingiosis of the bladder after transurethral resection, and a CT shows a consistent mass next to left adnexal with high probablility of being an endometrioma. CONCLUSIONS: Endosalpingiosis of the bladder is a rare disease that occurs in young women with cyclic urinary symptoms. The implantation of tubular tissue in the bladder is diagnosed and treated definitively by tumor excision and anatomopathologic examination.

Endosalpingiosis vesical. Presentación de un caso / Endosalpingiosis of the bladder. A case report

OBJETIVO: Descripción de un caso de endosalpingiosis vesical y revisión de la literatura. MÉTODO: Mujer de 38 años derivada a consultas de urología con clínica miccional postmenstrual. RESULTADOS: Se valora en consulta y se detecta en ecografía imagen tumoral que se confirma con cistoscopia. Se diagnostica de endosalpingiosis vesical tras resección transuretral, objetivándose en TAC posterior masa dependiente de anejos izquierdos compatible con endometrioma. CONCLUSIONES: La endosalpingiosis vesical es una patología poco frecuente que se presenta en mujeres jóvenes con clínica miccional cíclica. La implantación de tejido tubárico en la vejiga se diagnostica y trata de forma definitiva mediante exéresis de la lesión y estudio anatomopatológico (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of endosalpingiosis of bladder and review of the literature. METHOD: A 38 years old women referred to an outpatient urology clinic with postmenstrual voiding symptoms. RESULTS: We studied her and ultrasound imaging detects tumor that was confirmed by cystoscopy. She is diagnosed of endosalpingiosis of the bladder after transurethral resection, and a CT shows a consistent mass next to left adnexal with high probablility of being an endometrioma. CONCLUSIONS: Endosalpingiosis of the bladder is a rare disease that occurs in young women with cyclic urinary symptoms. The implantation of tubular tissue in the bladder is diagnosed and treated definitively by tumor excision and anatomopathologic examination (AU)

[Ultrasound guided transrectal prostatic biopsy and pain. Prospective randomized study comparing lubricant gel, lidocaine gel, and anesthetic blockage of the neurovascular bundles with 1% lidocaine]. / Biopsia prostática transrectal ecodirigida y dolor. Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado comparando gel lubricante, gel con lidocaína y bloqueo anestésico de haces neurovasculares con lidocaína 1%.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify anxiety and immediate and late pain, efficacy of the common analgesic methods, and complications. METHODS: 117 patients were randomized to three groups: 1 (39): lubricant gel; 2 (38): intrarectal lidocaine gel; 3 (40): anesthetic blockage with 1% lidocaine. Complications and immediate and late pain were collected, these latter with a visual analogic scale. RESULTS: 70% of the patients were not much anxious. We did not find significant differences between the analgesia achieved in group 1 (4.37 +/- 2.41) and group 2 (4.22 +/- 2.46), but we found with group 3 (1.88 +/- 2.03). Mean pain score the afternoon after biopsy was lower in group 3 (2.08 +/- 2.28) than in groups 1 and 2 (4.06 +/- 2.80 and 2.42 +/- 2.03), without statistical significance. The patients did not show a difference in pain during the pass of the transrectal transducer, varying between 2.34 for group 3 and 3.38 for group 2. Grouped by sphincter tone we find differences (low 2.71 +/- 2.76, medium 3.23 +/- 2.38, high 4.99 +/- 2.22). Patients feeling very nervous before the test had a pain score of 4.98 +/- 2.57, significantly greater than the pain of those not feeling nervous (2.59 +/- 2.21). We did not find differences in complications between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: The use of intrarectal lidocaine gel did not demonstrated being more effective in pain control in our series than the use of lubricant gel, but lidocaine injected into the apex and seminal vesicles was. Sphincter tone and pretest anxiety are the most determinants factors for pain.

Biopsia prostática transrectal ecodirigida y dolor. Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado comparando gel lubricante, gel lidocaína y bloqueo anestésico de haces neurovasculares con lidocaína 1% / Ultrasound guided transrectal prostatic biopsy and pain. Prospective randomized study comparing lubricant gel, lidocaine gel, and anesthetic blockage of the neurovascular bundles with 1% lidocaine

Objetivo: Cuantificar ansiedad y dolor inmediato y tardío producidos, efectividad de los métodos analgésicos comunes y complicaciones. Métodos: 117 pacientes fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos: 1 (39): lubricante gel, 2 (38): lidocaína en gel intrarrectal, 3 (40): bloqueo anestésico con lidocaína al 1%. Se recogieron las complicaciones y el dolor inmediatos y tardíos mediante una escala visual analógica. Resultados: 70% de pacientes estaban poco ansiosos. No encontramos diferencias significativas entre la analgesia conseguida en el grupo 1 (4.37±2.41) y 2 (4.22±2.46), pero sí con el 3 (1.88±2.03). La media de dolor la tarde tras la prueba fue menor en el grupo 3 (2.08 ± 2.28) que en 1 y 2 (4.06±2.80 y 2.42±2.03), pero sin significación estadística. Los pacientes no mostraron un dolor distinto al paso del transductor transrectal, oscilando entre 2.34 para el grupo 3 y 3.38 para el grupo 2. Agrupados según tono esfinteriano, sí encontramos diferencias (bajo 2.71±2.76, medio 3.23±2.38, alto 4.99±2.22). El dolor presentado por los pacientes que decían estar muy nerviosos pre-prueba fue de 4.98±2.57, significativamente mayor que el presentado por los que decían estar nada nerviosos (2.59±2.21). No encontramos diferencias en las complicaciones entre los tres grupos. Conclusiones: El empleo de gel intrarrectal de lidocaína no ha demostrado en nuestra serie ser más eficaz que el uso de lubricante para el control del dolor, pero sí la lidocaína inyectada en ápex y vesículas seminales. Tono esfinteriano y ansiedad preprueba son los factores más determinantes en el grado de dolor (AU)

Objectives: To quantify anxiety and immediate and late pain, efficacy of the common analgesic methods, and complications. Methods: 117 patients were randomized to three groups: 1(39): lubricant gel; 2 (38): intrarectal lidocaine gel; 3 (40): anesthetic blockage with 1% lidocaine. Complications and immediate and late pain were collected, these latter with a visual analogic scale. Results: 70% of the patients were not much anxious. We did not find significant differences between the analgesia achieved in group 1 (4.37± 2.41) and group 2 (4.22± 2.46), but we found with group 3 (1.88± 2.03). Mean pain score the afternoon after biopsy was lower in group 3 (2.08± 2.28) than in groups 1 and 2 (4.06± 2.80 and 2.42± 2.03), without statistical significance. The patients did not show a difference in pain during the pass of the transrectal transducer, varying between 2.34 for group 3 and 3.38 for group 2. Grouped by sphincter tone we find differences (low 2.71± 2.76, medium 3.23± 2.38, high 4.99+- 2.22). Patients feeling very nervous before the test had a pain score of 4.98± 2.57, significantly greater than the pain of those not feeling nervous (2.59± 2.21). We did not find differences in complications between the three groups. Conclusions: The use of intrarectal lidocaine gel did not demonstrated being more effective in pain control in our series than the use of lubricant gel, but lidocaine injected into the apex and seminal vesicles was. Sphincter tone and pre-test anxiety are the most determinants factors for pain (AU)

[The efficacy of endoscopic treatment for secondary vesicoureteral reflux. Analysis of a series of 142 cases]. / Eficacia del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral secundario. Analisis de una serie de 142 casos.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the rate of secondary or complicated vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) among the total number of VUR cases treated in our institution. To determine the efficacy of the endoscopic treatment in secondary or complicated VUR depending on etiology and grade. METHOD: We review our experience with endoscopic treatment for VUR from 1992 to 2006. We have used three different materials: polytetrafluoroethylen (Teflon), polydimethyls iloxane (Macroplastique) and dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Deflux). 479 ureters with VUR were treated in 402 patients; 124 patients and 142 ureters of them were secondary or complicated VUR cases. All patients were followed up with urinary tract ultrasound and radiological or isotopic voiding cystogram. Success is defined as VUR disappearance or improvement to grade I VUR without urinary infection after removing antibiotic prophylaxis. RESULTS: The success rate has been 71.13% after the first injection, 85.92% after the second injection and 90.14% after the third injection. Mean subureteral dose has been 0.65 ml. The complications rate has been 0%. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic treatment in secondary or complicated VUR is a minimally invasive procedure. It seems to be more difficult than in primary VUR cases, but its low morbidity and efficacy indicate this may be a proper first option in selected patients. In cases of VUR secondary to neurogenic bladder dysfunction it seems to be less successful, probably because of a worse control of the high bladder pressure.

Eficacia del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral secundario. Análisis de una serie de 142 casos / The efficacy of endoscopic treatment for secondary vesicoureteral reflux. Analysis of a series of 142 cases

Objetivo: Analizar la proporción de reflujos vesicoureterales secundarios o complicados del total de reflujos vesicoureterales tratados en nuestro centro. Determinar la eficacia del tratamiento endoscópico en dicho tipo de reflujo según la etiología que lo produce y según el grado. Método: Revisamos nuestra serie desde que iniciamos el tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo en el año 1992 hasta diciembre del 2006, empleando tres materiales distintos: pasta de politetrafluoroetileno (Teflon®), polidimetilsiloxano (Macroplastique®) y dextranómero-copolímero de ácido hialurónico (Deflux®). Hemos tratado a 402 pacientes y 479 unidades excretoras, de los que 124 pacientes y 142 unidades excretoras correspondían a una etiología secundaria. Se han seguido de forma sistemática mediante ecografía y CUMS o cistografía isotópica. Definimos el éxito del tratamiento como la desaparición del RVU o el descenso a grado I sin ITU tras retirar la profilaxis antibiótica. Resultados: Se resolvieron en el primer intento el 71,13% de los reflujos secundarios, mejorando al 85,92% en el segundo intento y al 90,14% en el tercero. El volumen medio inyectado ha sido de 0,65 ml. La tasa de complicaciones ha sido del 0%. Conclusiones: El tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral secundario es un procedimiento minimamente invasivo, que puede realizarse en regimen ambulatorio, técnicamente algo más difícil que en los casos de reflujo vesicoureteral primario, pero con muy baja morbilidad y muy eficaz en casos seleccionados, por lo que pensamos que debe ser considerado la primera opción de tratamiento. La menor eficacia la hemos obtenido en los casos de reflujos secundarios a vejiga neurógena, probablemente en relación a un mal control de las altas presiones vesicales (AU)

Objectives: To evaluate the rate of secondary or complicated vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) among the total number of VUR cases treated in our institution. To determine the efficacy of the endoscopic treatment in secondary or complicated VUR depending on etiology and grade. Method: We review our experience with endoscopic treatment for VUR from 1992 to 2006. We have used three different materials: polytetrafluoroethylen (Teflon®), polydimethylsiloxane(Macroplastique®) and dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Deflux®). 479 ureters with VUR were treated in 402 patients ; 124 patients and 142 ureters of them were secondary or complicated VUR cases. All patients were followed up with urinary tract ultrasound and radiological or isotopic voiding cystogram. Success is defined as VUR disappearance or improvement to grade I VUR without urinary infection after removing antibiotic prophylaxis. Results: The success rate has been 71.13% after the first injection, 85.92% after the second injection and 90.14% after the third injection. Mean subureteral dose has been 0.65 ml. The complications rate has been 0%. Conclusions: The endoscopic treatment in secondary or complicated VUR is a minimally invasive procedure. It seems to be more difficult than in primary VUR cases, but its low morbidity and efficacy indicate this may be a proper first option in selected patients. In cases of VUR secondary to neurogenic bladder dysfunction it seems to be less successful, probably because of a worse control of the high bladder pressure (AU)

[Renal oncocytomatosis in a patient receiving hemodialysis]. / Oncocitosis renal de paciente en hemodialisis.

OBJECTIVE: Renal oncocytosis is a rare pathology. We report the first case published of a patient with this disease undergoing combined pancreas-kidney transplantation. METHODS: We report the case of one patient with end stage chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis with the incidental diagnosis of two renal oncocytomas and microscopic oncocytomatosis in a routine revision while awaiting for renal transplantation. Right radical nephrectomy was performed with the pathologic diagnosis of renal oncocytomas. The patient underwent combined kidney-pancreas transplantation nine months later. RESULTS: The postoperative course was uneventful. After three years of follow-up the patient has not shown recurrence and the graft has normal function. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the antecedent of end stage renal disease under treatment with hemodialysis in patients with renal oncocytomatosis is striking, but the causative relationship is not established. The treatment for renal oncocytosis and pathologic characteristics present will condition when will be possible the performance of a kidney transplant in these patients, and will also condition prognosis. Longterm follow-up is recommendable due to the possibility of metachronic or bilateral involvement, and the association between renal oncocytomatosis and renal cell carcinoma in up to 32% of the cases.

Oncocitosis renal de paciente en hemodialisis / Renal oncocytomatosis in a patient receiving hemodialysis

OBJETIVO: La oncocitosis renal es una patología infrecuente. Presentamos el primer caso publicado de paciente diagnosticado de esta patología y sometido posteriormente a trasplante combinado riñón-páncreas. MÉTODOS: Presentamos el caso de un paciente en el que, en una revisión rutinaria por Insuficiencia Renal Crónica Terminal (IRCT) y tratamiento con hemodiálisis, en espera de trasplante renal, se diagnostican de forma incidental dos oncocitomas renales y focos de oncocitomatosis microscópica. Se realiza nefrectomía radical derecha y tras el estudio anatomo-patológico, con masas dominantes caracterizadas como oncocitomas renales (OR), se sometió a trasplante combinado reno-pancreático nueve meses después. RESULTADOS: El postoperatorio cursa sin incidencias. Tras un seguimiento de tres años el paciente no ha mostrado recidiva de su patología oncocítica, y el injerto es normofuncionante. CONCLUSIONES: La presencia del antecedente de IRCT en tratamiento con hemodiálisis en los pacientes con oncocitomatosis renal es llamativa, no quedando establecida la causa de esta relación. El tratamiento al que se someta el paciente para la oncocitosis renal y las características anatomopatológicas presentes en el espectro de esta patología condicionarán cuando es posible la realización de un trasplante renal en este tipo de enfermos, y condicionará el pronóstico. Es aconsejable el seguimiento de los pacientes a largo plazo, dada la posibilidad de afectación metacrónica o bilateral, y la asociación entre oncocitomatosis renal (OCR) y carcinoma de células renales (CCR) hasta en un 32%

OBJECTIVE: Renal oncocytosis is a rare pathology. We report the first case published of a patient with this disease undergoing combined pancreas-kidney transplantation. METHODS: We report the case of one patient with end stage chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis with the incidental diagnosis of two renal oncocytomas and microscopic oncocytomatosis in a routine revision while awaiting for renal transplantation. Right radical nephrectomy was performed with the pathologic diagnosis of renal oncocytomas. The patient underwent combined kidney-pancreas transplantation nine months later. RESULTS: The postoperative course was uneventful. After three years of follow-up the patient has not shown recurrence and the graft has normal function. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the antecedent of end stage renal disease under treatment with hemodialysis in patients with renal oncocytomatosis is striking, but the causative relationship is not established. The treatment for renal oncocytosis and pathologic characteristics present will condition when will be possible the performance of a kidney transplant in these patients, and will also condition prognosis. Long-term follow-up is recommendable due to the possibility of metachronic or bilateral involvement, and the association between renal oncocytomatosis and renal cell carcinoma in up to 32% of the cases

[Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Review of our case series]. / Carcinoma epidermoide vesical. Revisión de nuestra serie.

OBJECTIVES: The squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is a rare tumor in our environment, representing between 1.6-6.7% of all bladder neoplasias. It is more common to find foci of squamous differentiation associated with a transitional cell carcinoma. METHODS: We retrospectively review all squamous cell carcinomas diagnosed and treated in our hospital between 1994 and 2004. We analyze their biological behaviour and the treatment applied. RESULTS: We found 11 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, which pathologically were pure squamous cell carcinomas in eight patients and mixed in another three. Mean patient age was 70.9 years ranging from 49 to 88 years, six of them were males and five females. All of them presented locally advanced tumor stages at the time of diagnosis (> or = T2). Although the treatment of choice is radical cystectomy, it could only be applied in three patients; it was associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in one patient. The rest of the patients were treated by transurethral resection of the tumor, with adjuvant radiotherapy in two cases and bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy in one due to the advanced stage. Mean survival was 20 months ranging from 1 to 91 months. Only two patients are alive, both after radical surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The squamous cell carcinoma, in both its forms, pure and mixed, is an aggressive tumor. The late diagnosis of these tumors and their biological behaviour entail a bad prognosis. Only early diagnosis and radical treatment may improve prognosis.

Afectación prepucial de la enfermedad de Crohn metastásica / Metastatic Crohn´s disease involving the penile foreskin

OBJETIVO: Describimos el caso de un paciente con antecedentes de enfermedad de Crohn que presenta extensión metastásica de su enfermedad en la piel prepucial. MÉTODOS: Se decide circuncisión del paciente y se envía la piel prepucial al servicio de anatomía patológica de nuestro hospital. RESULTADOS: En el análisis histológico de la pieza aparece granuloma no caseificante con ulceración, propio de la enfermedad de Crohn metastásica. Tras un año de seguimiento no se aprecia recidiva. CONCLUSIONES: La enfermedad de Crohn (EC) es una entidad de origen desconocido cuya característica principal es la formación de granulomas no necrotizantes que pueden afectar no sólo al tracto gastrointestinal. Cuando esta afectación extradigestiva no se produce por continuidad nos encontramos frente a la enfermedad de Crohn metastásica. Estas metástasis, pueden encontrarse, entre otras localizaciones, en el aparato genitourinario. Esta afectación incluye litiasis, amiloidosis, … y la aparición de lesiones en la piel genital, como en nuestro caso

OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of the patient with history of Crohn’s disease presenting metastatic extension to the penile foreskin. METHODS: Circumcision was carried out and the skin was sent to the pathology department. RESULTS: Pathologic study of the specimen showed an ulcerated granuloma without caseum, typically associated with metastatic Crohn’s disease. After one year of follow-up there is no evidence of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Crohn’s disease is a disease of unknown origin, the main characteristic of which is the development of non necrotizing granulomas that may involved not only the gastrointestinal tract. When the extraintestinal involvement is not produced by continuity we call it metastatic disease. Such metastases may be found in the genitourinary tract, and other sites. This involvement may include lithiasis, amyloidosis,... and the presence of lesions in the genital skin, as in our case

Carcinoma epidermoide vesical. Revisión de nuestra serie / No disponible

OBJETIVO: El carcinoma epidermoide de vejiga es un tumor infrecuente en nuestro medio, con una proporción entre 1,6% y 6,7% de todas las neoplasias vesicales. Es más frecuente encontrar focos de diferenciación escamosa en el contexto de un carcinoma transicional. MÉTODOS: Han sido revisados de forma retrospectiva todos los carcinomas epidermoides vesicales diagnósticados y tratados en nuestro Hospital entre 1994- 2004. Analizamos su comportamiento biológico y tratamiento aplicado. RESULTADOS: Encontramos 11 casos de carcinoma epidermoide vesical, que desde el punto de vista anatomopatológico fueron 8 formas puras y 3 formas mixtas. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 70,9 años con un rango de (49-88 años) y la distribución por sexos era de 6 varones y 5 mujeres. En el momento del diagnóstico todos presentaban estadios locales avanzados (≥ T2). Aunque el tratamiento electivo es la cistectomía radical, esta sólo se pudo aplicar en tres pacientes, en uno de los cuales se asoció quimioterapia adyuvante. En el resto se realizaron resecciones transuretrales, asociadas en dos casos a radioterapia adyuvante y en un caso a ureterostomía cutánea bilateral por el estadio avanzado en el momento del diagnóstico. La media de supervivencia fue de 20 meses con un rango de 1 a 91 meses. solo 2 pacientes siguen vivos, ambos fueron sometidos a cirugía radical. CONCLUSIONES: El carcinoma epidermoide tanto en su forma pura como mixta, es un tumor agresivo. El diagnóstico tardío de estos tumores y su comportamiento biológico comportan un pronóstico sombrío. Sólo un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento radical pueden mejorar su pronóstico (AU)

OBJECTIVES: The squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is a rare tumor in our environment, representing between 1.6-6.7% of all bladder neoplasias. It is more common to find foci of squamous differentiation associated with a transitional cell carcinoma. METHODS: We retrospectively review all squamous cell carcinomas diagnosed and treated in our hospital between 1994 and 2004. We analyze their biological behaviour and the treatment applied. RESULTS: We found 11 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, which pathologically were pure squamous cell carcinomas in eight patients and mixed in another three. Mean patient age was 70.9 years ranging from 49 to 88 years, six of them were males and five females. All of them presented locally advanced tumor stages at the time of diagnosis (≥T2). Although the treatment of choice is radical cystectomy, it could only be applied in three patients; it was associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in one patient. The rest of the patients were treated by transurethral resection of the tumor, with adjuvant radiotherapy in two cases and bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy in one due to the advanced stage. Mean survival was 20 months ranging from 1 to 91 months. Only two patients are alive, both after radical surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The squamous cell carcinoma, in both its forms, pure and mixed, is an aggressive tumor. The late diagnosis of these tumors and their biological behaviour entail a bad prognosis. Only early diagnosis and radical treatment may improve prognosis (AU)

[Selective arterial embolization in the treatment of intractable hematuria]. / Embolización arterial selectiva en el tratamiento de la hematuria incoercible.

OBJECTIVES: Non tractable hematuria has a varied etiology. It may be a complication difficult to treat. We report the case treated in our hospital by selective arterial embolization. METHODS: We report the case of an 86-year-old patient who underwent radiotherapy for transitional cell carcinoma. Later on, she presented with hematuria, not responding to usual therapeutic management. Urinary diversion did not solve the problem either. We decided to proceed with selective arterial embolization of the hypogastric arteries using polyvinylalcohol microspheres and metallic coils. RESULTS: Hematuria disappeared after embolization, without the recurrence after nine months of follow-up. Immediate outcome was characterized by a post-embolization syndrome which was treated with antipyretics, antibiotic and morphine derivatives. It diminished progressively and disappeared in 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Arterial selective embolization is a useful therapeutic resource for the management of non tractable hematuria, mainly in cancer patients, which present a deteriorated general status.

Embolización arterial selectiva en el tratamiento de la hematuria incoercible / Selective arterial embolization in the treatment of non tractable hematuria

OBJETIVOS: La hematuria incoercible es uncuadro de etiología diversa. Puede ser una complicacióndifícil de controlar. Nos proponemos presentar un caso tratadoen nuestro hospital con embolización arterial selectiva.MÉTODOS: Comunicamos el caso de una paciente de86 años sometida a tratamiento radioterápico debido aneoplasia urotelial. Presentó posteriormente una hematuriaque no cedió a las medidas terapéuticas habituales.Tampoco la derivación urinaria solucionó el cuadro. Porello optamos por practicar una embolización arterial selectivade arterias hipogástricas, con microesferas de polivinilode alcohol y coils metálicos.RESULTADO: La hematuria desapareció desde el momentode la embolización, sin reaparecer en un tiempo deseguimiento de nueve meses. La evolución inmediata secaracterizó por un “síndrome post-embolización”, tratadocon antitérmicos, antibiótico y derivados mórficos. Cedióprogresivamente hasta desaparecer a las 48h.CONCLUSIONES: La embolización arterial selectiva esun recurso terapéutico útil para el manejo de hematuriasde difícil control, sobre todo en enfermos neoplásicos, yade por sí muy deteriorados

OBJECTIVES: Non tractable hematuria has ;;a varied etiology. It may be a complication difficult to ;;treat. We report the case treated in our hospital by selective ;;arterial embolization. ;;METHODS: We report the case of an 86-year-old patient ;;who underwent radiotherapy for transitional cell carcinoma. ;;Later on, she presented with hematuria, not responding to ;;usual therapeutic management. Urinary diversion did not ;;solve the problem either. We decided to proceed with ;;selective arterial embolization of the hypogastric arteries ;;using polyvinylalcohol microspheres and metallic coils. ;;RESULTS: Hematuria disappeared after embolization, ;;without the recurrence after nine months of follow-up. ;;Immediate outcome was characterized by a post-embolization ;;syndrome which was treated with antipyretics, antibiotic ;;and morphine derivatives. ;;It diminished progressively and disappeared in 48 hours. ;;CONCLUSIONS: Arterial selective embolization is a useful ;;therapeutic resource for the management of non tractable ;;hematuria, mainly in cancer patients, which present a ;;deteriorated general status

[Bladder augmentation and urinary diversion in kidney transplant candidates]. / Ampliación vesical y derivación urinaria en pacientes candidatos a trasplante renal.

OBJECTIVES: Kidney transplantation (KT) is the treatment of choice for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). 6% of the patients develop ESRD due to congenital or acquired lower urinary tract anomalies, which sometimes imply the need of an additional surgical procedure to make the patient suitable for transplantation. METHODS: We review 6 cases of KT receptors (three of them pediatric) to whom some kind of reconstruction of the lower urinary tract with bowel was performed over the last 10 years. RESULTS: Most frequent etiologies: neurogenic bladder (3), small and contracted bladder after genitourinary tuberculosis, urethral valves, and transitional cell carcinoma with radical cystoprostatectomy and bilateral nephrectomy. Surgical techniques: Bladder augmentation with colon (3), Bricker's defunctionalized ileal loop (2), and Goodwin 's ileal bladder augmentation; all of them were performed between 8 and 147 months before transplant. COMPLICATIONS: UTI in 2 patients. Recurrent stenosis of the ileal loop in one patient who required endoscopic balloon dilation and stent placement in the stenotic segment with poor results and finally requiring loop reconstruction. Another patient developed stenosis of the ureteroneocystostomy anastomosis and reimplant was performed. All of them had good outcome. One case had a subacute kidney rejection episode with good response to steroids. No graft was lost. Current serum creatinine values are between 0.69 and 2.6. CONCLUSIONS: The use of bowel in patients with pathologic bladders is as safe method to allow these patients to receive a kidney transplant when bladder rehabilitation has not been possible with conservative measures.